®I^r  i.  1.  BtU  ICtbrary 


Nortlf  (Earoltna  ^tatf  lltiinerailg 

SF767 
H7 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DATE 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS  SUB- 
JECT TO  AN  OVERDUE  FINE  AS 
POSTED  AT  THE  CIRCULATION 
DESK. 


OCT  26  1977 
Mm     9  1977 

OCT  3  0 1985 
OCTor9  2000 


APR  2  6  2006 


JUN   1  8 


2007 


ATLAS 

OF    THE 

VISCERA,    IN    SITU,    OF    THE    DAIRY    COW 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 


MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Limited 

LONDON  •  BOMBAY  •  CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 


ATLAS 


OF    THE 


Viscera,  in  Situ,  of  the 
Dairy  Cow 


BY 

Grant  Sherman  Hopkins 

New  York  State  Veterinary  College,  Cornell  University 
Ithaca,   N.Y. 


Wefa  gork 

THE    MACMILLAN    COMPANY 

1919 

^11   rights   reserved 


Copyright,  1919, 
By  the  MACMILLAN   COMPANY, 
et  up  and  electrotyped.     Published  January,  1919. 


Norinoati  ]|irag 
.  Gushing  Co.  —  Berwick  &  Smith  Co. 
Norwood,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


PREFACE 

A  GENERAL  and  widespread  interest  in  all  questions  pertaining  to  the 
maintenance  of  healthy  herds  of  dairy  cattle  through  physical  and  other 
forms  of  examination  is  evident  to  anyone  at  all  conversant  with  the  sub- 
ject. In  all  physical  examinations  an  accurate  knowledge  of  topographic 
anatomy,  especially  of  the  location  and  relations  of  the  digestive,  respira- 
tory and  genito-urinary  organs,  is  becoming  daily  more  essential  to  the  Vet- 
erinarian and  stock  owner.  To  meet  the  needs  of  Veterinarians  for  a  con- 
cise and  graphic  exposition  of  the  relations  of  these  organs  the  present 
atlas  has  been  prepared.  All  of  the  drawings  were  made  from  photographs 
supplemented  by  direct  observations  and  measurements  of  the  specimens 
themselves. 

In  order  to  minimize  as  far  as  possible  the  liability  to  displacements  of 
the  organs  from  their  normal  position  the  animal  was  first  placed  in  a  canvas 
sling  and  then  killed,  with  very  little  struggling,  by  chloroform  injected  into 
the  jugular  vein.  The  carotid  artery  was  then  immediately  opened  and  a 
very  strong  solution  of  formalin  injected  in  order  thoroughly  to  harden  and 
fix  the  organs  in  situ.  Displacements  due  to  the  postmortem  accimiulation 
of  gas  in  the  rumen,  from  fermentation  of  its  contents,  were  avoided  by 
inserting  a  canula  into  this  organ  immediately  after  death.  That  the 
viscera  were  fixed  in  their  normal  position  or  at  least  in  their  position  at 
the  time  of  death,  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  upon  opening  the  body  cavities 
no  appreciable  unoccupied  space  was  found,  i.e.  the  abdominal  organs,  for 
example,  were  everywhere  in  contact  with  the  abdominal  parietes  as  they 
are  in  the  living  animal.  Further  evidence  that  no  appreciable  displace- 
ments have  occurred  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  in  four  other  cows  similarly 
prepared  and  photographed  the  relations  of  the  parts  were  practically 
identical  with  those  in  the  present  specimen.  From  the  moment  the  live 
animal  was  placed  in  the  canvas  sling  to  the  final  completion  of  the  dis- 
sections and  drawings,  the  body  was  maintained  in  its  natural  upright 
position,  thus  minimizing  displacements  of  organs  due  to  handling  or  moving 
the  body.  In  all  physical  examinations  of  the  live  animal  a  knowledge  of 
the  normal  location  and  relations  of  the  various  organs  is  essential,  es- 
pecially the  relations  of  those  organs  that  are  accessible  to  percussion,  pal- 
pation, or  auscultation  either  from  the  surface  of  the  body  or  per  rectum. 
Any  satisfactory  conclusion  as  to  the  soundness  of  an  animal  from  a  physical 


co<^: 


\\A 


examination  also  necessitates  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  location  and 
normal  size  of  the  accessible  lymph  glands. 

It  should  be  kept  clearly  in  mind  that  identical  relations  of  parts  in  any 
two  specimens  are  not  to  be  expected.  Variations  in  the  relations  of  many 
of  the  organs  may  be  due  either  to  differences  in  relative  or  absolute  size 
of  these  organs  or  to  their  varying  extent  of  repletion  at  the  time  the  speci- 
men was  prepared  and  hardened.  For  example,  in  one  of  the  specimens  used 
the  caudal  extremity  of  the  caecum  was  in  the  pelvic  cavity,  PI.  VI,  31, 
but  in  the  other  four  specimens  it  did  not  project  into  this  cavity.  In  two 
of  the  specimens,  also,  the  pelvic  cavity  was  occupied  by  a  considerable 
mass  of  the  small  intestine,  whereas  in  the  other  cows  a  much  smaller  por- 
tion of  the  pelvic  cavity  was  thus  occupied.  The  few  measurements  that 
are  given  are  of  individual  cases  and  not  averages  unless  so  stated.  It  should 
be  kept  in  mind  that  the  respective  lymph  glands  vary  considerably  in  size 
in  normal  healthy  animals.  Identical  conditions  as  to  size  and  number  of 
these  glands  are  not  to  be  expected. 

My  thanks  are  due  Dr.  Earl  Sunderville  for  assistance  in  the  dissections 
and  in  photographing  the  same.  To  the  Dean  of  the  College,  Dr.  V.  A. 
Moore,  and  to  Dr.  R.  R.  Birch  thanks  are  due  also  for  their  cooperation  in 
securing  the  necessary  anatomical  material. 


The  Abdominal  Viscera 

In  pi.  I  are  shown  the  parts  that  are  visible  upon  the  removal  of 
the  right  lateral  wall  of  the  abdomen  and  the  intercostal  muscles,  as  shown 
in  the  drawing.  The  right  kidney,  however,  is  visible  only  after  the  peri- 
toneum and  surrounding  fat  have  been  removed.  In  this  specimen  a  much 
smaller  portion  of  the  pancreas  showed  through  the  peritoneiun  than  was 
visible  in  the  specimen  from  which  PL  X  was  made. 

The  greater  omentum  conceals  all  of  the  small  intestine,  on  the  right  side, 
with  the  exception  of  a  portion  of  the  duodenvun  and  some  of  the  coils  of  the 
small  intestine  caudal  to  the  free  or  unattached  caudal  border  of  the  greater 
omentiun,  PI.  I.  The  omenttmi  is  not  a  delicate  lacelike  structure  as  in 
the  horse,  but  is  comparatively  thick  and  strong  and  contains  a  relatively 
large  amount  of  fat.  The  greater  omentimi  forms  a  kind  of  double- walled 
sac-like  structure  interposed  between  the  abdominal  viscera  and  the  ventro- 
lateral walls  of  the  abdomen,  PI.  I.  It  may  be  divided  into  a  parietal  or 
superficial  and  a  visceral  or  deep  portion,  each  of  which  is  made  up  of  two 
layers  or  thicknesses  of  peritoneum,  PI.  II,  19  ;  PI.  Ill,  35,  36.  The  parietal 
or  superficial  portion  extends  from  the  left  face  of  the  rumen,  a  little  dorsal 
to  the  left  longitudinal  groove,  vent  rally  between  the  ventral  sac  of  the  rumen 
and  the  abdominal  floor,  to  the  right  side,  where  it  turns  dorsally  and  is  at- 
tached to  the  duodenum  as  far  back  as  to  the  pelvic  (caudal  or  iliac)  flexure, 
Pis.  I,  III ;  this  part  of  the  omentum  is  also  attached  to  the  greater  curva- 
ture of  the  abomasum.  The  visceral,  inner,  or  deep  portion  of  the  greater 
omentum  is  attached  to  the  right  or  visceral  face  of  the  nimen,  4  to  6  cm. 
ventral  to  the  right  longitudinal  groove,  PI.  IV.  From  here  it  extends 
ventrally  between  the  rumen  and  the  intestines  to  the  floor  of  the  abdo- 
men, where  it  turns  to  the  right  and  then  passes  dorsally  and  has  these 
further  attachments  (c)  to  the  duodenum  for  a  short  distance  proximal 
to  its  pelvic  or  caudal  flexure ;  (b)  to  the  medial  layer  of  the  mesoduo- 
denum ;  (c)  to  the  first  part  of  the  large  intestine  as  far  caudal  as  to  the 
point  where  it  begins  to  turn  cephalad ;  (d)  to  the  visceral  surface  of  the 
liver. 

The  lesser  omentum  is  attached  to  the  visceral  surface  of  the  liver,  to  the 
right  face  of  the  omasum,  near  and  approximately  parallel  to  the  groove 
between  the  omasum  and  the  reticulum,  to  the  pyloric  portion  of  the  lesser 

7 


miKKnUUAiT 


curvature  of  the  abomasum  and  to  the  duodenum  as  far  as  to  the  point  of 
entrance  of  the  bile  duct,  PL  III,  26. 

The  foramen  epiploicum  is  described  in  connection  with  the  pancreas. 

The  stomach  occupies  approximately  three  fourths  of  the  abdominal  cavity. 

It  fills  all  of  the  left  half  of  the  cavity,  exclusive  of  the  small  space  occupied 
by  the  spleen,  and  projects  considerably  to  the  right  of  the  median  plane.  The 
stomach  of  niminants  consists  of  f  otir  clearly  defined  compartments  or  divisions , 
viz.,  the  rumen  (paunch),  the  reticulum  (honeycomb),  the  omasum  (mani- 
fold or  manyplies)  and  the  abomasum  (rennet  or  reed).  Pis.  IV,  V,  VI,  VII. 

In  the  adult  animal  the  rumen  is  by  far  the  largest  of  the  four  compart- 
ments. It  occupies  nearly  all  of  the  left  half  of  the  abdominal  cavity; 
its  middle  and  ventral  portions  project  somewhat  to  the  right  of  the  median 
plane.  The  rumen  extends  from  opposite  the  ventral  half  or  third  of  the 
eighth  intercostal  space  to  the  edge  of  the  pubis  or  within  a  short  distance 
of  it.  The  parietal  or  left  face  of  the  rumen  is  related  to  the  diaphragm, 
the  spleen  and  the  left  abdominal  parietes.  Pis.  V  and  VI.  The  visceral  or 
right  face  of  the  rumen  is  related  to  the  omasimi,  abomasimi,  large  intestine, 
liver,  pancreas,  aorta  and  vena  cava,  PI.  IV. 

The  dorsal  surface  is  in  contact  with  the  diaphragm  and  sublumbar 
muscles.  Dor  so -medially  the  rumen  is  closely  attached  to  the  left  crus  of 
the  diaphragm  and  to  the  sublimibar  muscles  as  far  caudal  as  to  the  fourth 
lumbar  vertebra.  Normally  it  has  no  other  attachments  to  the  abdominal 
parietes  than  those  just  mentioned.  The  ventral  face  of  the  rumen  is  in 
contact  with  the  abomasum  and  the  floor  of  the  abdomen,  Pis.  IV,  V,  VI. 
The  cephalic  end  of  the  rumen  is  in  immediate  contact  with  the  reticulum. 
Pis.  VII  and  VIII.  The  parietal  and  visceral  surfaces  of  the  rumen  are 
marked  by  longitudinal  grooves,  one  on  either  face,  which  indicate  the  partial 
subdivision  of  this  compartment  into  dorsal  and  ventral  sacs.  At  either  end 
of  the  rumen  the  two  longitudinal  grooves  become  continuous  with  each 
other  and  are  here  much  deeper  than  elsewhere.  The  caudal  or  pelvic 
extremities  of  the  dorsal  and  ventral  sacs  of  the  nmien  are  marked  off  from 
the  remainder  of  it  by  the  dorsal  and  ventral  coronary  grooves.  From  the 
relations  of  the  rumen  to  the  left  abdominal  wall  it  is  very  evident  that 
palpation  and  auscultation  of  this  organ,  the  introduction  of  a  trocar  or 
the  operation  of  rumenotomy  are  readily  accomplished.  The  visceral  or 
right  face  of  the  rumen  can  be  palpated  per  rectum  only,  PI.  IV. 

The  reticulum  is  the  most  cephalic  and  the  smallest  of  the  four  divisions 
of  the  stomach.  It  extends  from  opposite  the  sixth  rib  to  the  cephalic  edge 
of  the  eighth  rib,  PI.  VII.    The  median  plane  of  the  body  divides  the  reticulum 


into  two  nearly  equal  portions,  the  left  portion,  however,  being  somewhat 
the  larger  of  the  two.  The  cephalic  surface  is  in  contact,  to  the  left,  with 
the  diaphragm  and,  to  the  right,  with  the  visceral  surface  of  the  ventral  por- 
tion of  the  liver.  Pis.  VII  and  III.  The  reticulum  is  separated  from  the 
pericardium  of  the  heart  by  an  interval  of  only  two  to  four  centimeters, 
Figs.  4  and  7.  The  left  surface  of  the  reticulum  is  related  to  the  diaphragm 
and  the  ventral  extremity  of  the  spleen.  The  caudal  surface  is  in  contact 
with  the  rtunen,  omasum  and  abomasiun,  Pis.  IV,  VIII.  The  close  prox- 
imity of  the  reticulimi  to  the  heart  and  its  relation  to  the  fifth  and  sixth 
intercostal  spaces  deserve  particular  attention  for  the  reason  that  sensitive- 
ness here  points  to  the  possibility  of  an  injtuy  to  the  reticxilum  and  the 
diaphragm  from  some  sharp-pointed  foreign  body  that  has  become  lodged 
in  the  reticulimi  and  has  penetrated  these  structures. 

The  oesophageal  groove  begins  at  the  cardiac  or  gastric  end  of  the  oesophagus, 
extends  ventrally  on  the  medial  wall  of  the  reticultmi  and  ends  at  the  reticulo- 
omasal  orifice.  Its  average  length  is  from  15  to  20  cm.  Its  direction  is 
nearly  dorso-ventral  but  inclines  slightly  cephalad  (sometimes  caudad)  and 
somewhat  medially  in  its  ventral  part.  In  this  specimen  the  ventral  or 
omasal  end  of  the  groove  was  a  little  caudal  to  the  vertical  plane  of  the 
dorsal  or  oesophageal  end.  More  commonly,  however,  just  the  reverse  of 
this  obtains,  i.e.  the  ventral  or  omasal  end  lies  a  little  cephalad  of  the  vertical 
plane  of  the  dorsal  or  oesophageal  end  of  the  groove. 

The  rumino-reticular  orifice  (ostium  rumino-reticulare).  The  reticulum 
is  partially  separated  from  the  cephalic  end  of  the  dorsal  sac  of  the  nimen 
by  a  nearly  vertical  fold  formed  by  the  apposition  of  the  walls  of  the  two 
compartments.  This  rumino-reticular  fold  is  opposite  the  space  between 
the  seventh  and  eighth  ribs.  The  free  edge  of  the  fold  forms  the  ventral 
and  lateral  boundaries  of  the  large  oval  rtunino-reticular  orifice,  PI.  VIII. 
The  relation  of  this  orifice  to  the  oesophagus  is  such  that  it  is  clearly  ap- 
parent that  food  or  water  may  readily  pass  from  the  oesophagus  directly 
into  the  nmien. 

The  omasum  is  very  clearly  defined  from  the  other  compartments.  The 
greater  portion  of  it  is  situated  to  the  right  of  the  median  plane.  It  extends 
from  opposite  the  cephalic  edge  of  the  seventh  rib,  near  the  middle  of  the 
rib,  to  opposite  the  caudal  edge  of  the  eleventh  rib  at  its  costo-chondral 
junction,  PI.  IV.  The  parietal,  or  right,  surface  is  in  contact  with  the 
diaphragm,  liver,  gall-bladder,  abomasimi  and  the  beginning  of  the  duo- 
denum.    Opposite  the  eighth  and  ninth  intercostal  spaces,  for  a  distance  of 


about  8  cm.  dorsal  to  the  costo-chondral  junction,  the  diaphragm  and  omen- 
tum are  the  only  structures  that  intervene  between  the  omasiom  and  the 
abdominal  wall.  The  visceral  or  left  surface  of  the  omasvmi  is  related  to 
the  rumen,  reticulimi  and  abomasum,  Pis.  IV  and  VIII.  Dorsally  the 
omastmi  is  related  principally  to  the  liver,  pancreas,  small  and  large  in- 
testines. The  ventral  surface  of  the  omasum  is  in  contact  with  the  abo- 
masum and  abdominal  floor,  PL  VIII.  The  cavity  of  the  omasima  is  oc- 
cupied largely  by  a  series  of  longitudinal  folds  or  laminae  which  depend 
from  the  dorsal  and  lateral  walls  of  the  compartment.  One  hundred  and 
sixty  of  these  folds  or  laminae  were  counted.  They  vary  in  width  from 
a  few  millimeters  to  20  or  25  cm.  Of  these  one  hundred  sixty  laminae, 
sixty-foiu-  were  from  2  to  4  mm.  up  to  i  cm.  or  1.5  cm.  in  width ;  fifty-six 
were  from  1.5  cm.  to  about  3.5  cm.  in  width;  twenty-eight  were  from 
about  3.5  cm.  to  14  cm.  in  width;  and  twelve  were  from  14  cm.  to  22  cm. 
in  width. 

The  abomasum  or  fourth  compartment  of  the  stomach  is  an  elongated, 
piriform  structure  sharply  flexed  toward  its  smaller  or  pyloric  extremity. 
It  lies  on  the  floor  of  the  abdomen  to  the  right  of  and  somewhat  ventral  to 
the  rumen.  Its  cephalic  end  is  opposite  the  costo-chondral  junction  of  the 
seventh  rib.  From  here  it  extends  in  a  direction  more  or  less  obliquely  to 
the  right,  some  distance  along  the  floor  of  the  abdomen,  and  then  makes  a 
sharp  flexure  of  about  180  degrees  and  extends  cephalo-dorsad  to  opposite 
the  ventral  part  of  the  tenth  (or  ninth)  intercostal  space  on  the  right  side. 
Pis.  II,  III,  IV,  also  PI.  VIII.  The  most  caudal  point  of  the  greater  cur- 
vature reaches  a  transverse  vertical  plane  through  the  vunbilicus.  The 
larger  portion  of  the  abomasum  is  situated  to  the  right  of  the  median  plane, 
but  a  portion  of  it  lies  to  the  left  of  this  plane.  In  the  specimen  from 
which  Pis.  I  to  VII  were  made  the  abomasum  was  visible  on  the  left  side 
nearly  as  far  back  as  the  imibiHcus,  Pis.  V  to  VII.  In  other  specimens  the 
abomasum  was  visible  upon  removal  of  the  left  wall  of  the  abdomen,  but  not 
to  so  great  an  extent  as  shown  in  plates  V  to  VII.  The  parietal  (ventro- 
dextral)  surface  of  the  abomasum  for  the  most  part  lies  upon  the  floor  of 
the  abdomen,  a  small  part  only  being  in  contact  with  the  right  abdominal 
wall.  The  visceral  (dorso-sinistral)  surface  is  in  contact  with  the  ventral 
sac  of  the  rumen,  the  omasum  and  the  small  intestine.  The  cephalic  end 
is  closely  attached  to  the  reticulum.  The  abomasiom  has  two  curvatures 
—  greater  and  lesser.  The  greater  curvature  is  ventro-caudal  and  to  it 
are  attached  the  greater  omentum  and  the  cephalic  end  of  the  ventral  sac 
of  the  rumen.  The  greater  part  of  the  lesser  or  dorso-cephalic  curvature 
of  the  abomasum  is  attached  by  connective  tissue  and  peritoneum  to  the 


omasiom ;  the  lesser  omentum  is  attached  to  the  remaining  pyloric  portion 
of  the  lesser  curvature. 

The  small  intestine.  Upon  cutting  the  greater  omentum  near  its  attach- 
ment to  the  duodenum,  large  intestine  and  the  greater  curvature  of  the 
abomasimi  and  turning  it  ventrally,  and  after  removing  the  liver  and  pan- 
creas, the  greater  portion  of  the  small  intestine  is  exposed,  Pis.  II,  III. 
The  small  intestine  lies  almost  wholly  to  the  right  of  the  median  plane  and 
mainly  in  the  ventral  part  of  this  portion  of  the  abdominal  cavity.  Pis.  II, 
III.  Its  principal  relations  are  as  follows :  superficially,  to  the  greater 
omentum  which  intervenes  between  the  mass  of  small  intestine  and  the 
right  abdominal  wall ;  to  the  ventral  and  lateral  walls  of  the  pelvis  and  to 
the  pelvic  organs,  to  the  liver,  pancreas,  caeciun,  large  intestine  and  right 
kidney.  More  deeply,  the  small  intestine  is  related  to  the  visceral  or  right 
face  of  the  rumen  and  to  the  omasum.  The  duodeniun  begins  at  the  py- 
lorus opposite  the  tenth  intercostal  space  and  extends  dorsally  to  the  vis- 
ceral surface  of  the  liver.  Between  its  place  of  origin  from  the  abomasum 
and  the  visceral  surface  of  the  liver  the  duodenum  forms  an  S-shaped  or 
sigmoid  flexure,  PL  III.  From  here  the  duodenum  extends  caudally  to 
near  the  coxal  (or  external)  angle  of  the  ilium,  where  it  turns  and  extends 
cephalad  alongside  of  the  terminal  part  of  the  large  intestine  and,  ventral 
to  the  right  kidney,  is  continued  by  the  mesenteric  portion  (jejunum  and 
ileum)  of  the  small  intestine.  Pis.  Ill,  IV.  The  bile  duct  opens  into  the 
duodenxmi  immediately  distal  to  the  sigmoid  flexure,  PI.  Ill,  26.  The 
pancreatic  duct  opens  from  20  to  35  cm.  farther  caudad,  PI.  Ill,  P ;  PI. 
X,  21.  The  mesenteric  portion  of  the  small  intestine  is  arranged  in  numer- 
ous close  coils  or  loops  which  form  a  kind  of  festoon  at  the  ventral  border  of 
the  mesentery.  The  terminal  portion  of  the  small  intestine  lies  between 
the  caecum  and  the  large  intestine,  to  both  of  which  it  is  adherent  for  a 
short  distance  (4  to  8  cm) .  The  small  intestine  occupies  the  space  bounded 
medially  by  the  ventral  sac  of  the  rumen ;  ventro-laterally,  by  the  ab- 
dominal wall ;  dorsally,  by  the  caecum  and  large  intestine ;  cephalad,  by 
the  omastmi  and  the  pyloric  portion  of  the  abomasum.  The  length  of  the 
small  intestine  of  an  adult  Holstein  cow,  measured  while  perfectly  fresh, 
was  135  feet. 

The  caecum.  The  caecum  of  the  cow  from  which  these  drawings  were 
made  was  65  cm.  in  length,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  average,  which  is 
about  75  cm.  Its  position  and  general  relations  to  the  large  and  small  in- 
testines are  shown  in  Pis.  II,  III,  X.  The  caecxmi  is  directly  continued 
cephalad  by  the  large  intestine,  the  conventional  demarcation  between  the 


two  being  the  terminal  end  of  the  ileum.  From  this  ileo-caecal  junction, 
which  is  on  the  medial  side  and  usually  near  the  ventral  end  of  the  last 
rib,  the  caecum  extends  caudo-dorsally  and  its  rounded  blind  end  more 
commonly  lies  at  the  right  side  of  the  pelvic  inlet ;  sometimes,  however,  it 
lies  within  the  pelvic  cavity.  In  the  cow  from  which  plate  X  was  made 
the  caecum  was  flexed  so  that  its  caudal  or  free  extremity  was  situated  ven- 
tral to  the  transverse  process  of  the  fourth  lumbar  vertebra.  The  caecum 
is  closely  attached  along  its  medial  side  to  the  mesentery,  except  the  caudal 
third,  which  is  free  and  hence  liable  to  some  variation  in  position.  As  may 
be  seen  from  PL  II,  the  two  portions  of  the  omentum,  parietal  and  visceral, 
separate  the  caecum  from  the  abdominal  parietes  of  the  right  flank. 

The  large  intestine.  The  greater  portion  of  the  large  intestine  is  arranged 
in  double  elliptical  coils  between  the  layers  of  the  mesentery  in  the  right 
dorsal  part  of  the  abdominal  cavity.  Pis.  II,  III.  The  large  intestine  is 
related  to  the  dorso-lateral  portion  of  the  right  abdominal  wall,  to  the 
greater  omentum,  the  first  portion  of  the  duodentim,  the  caecimi  and  to 
the  pancreas.  On  its  medial  side  it  is  related  principally  to  the  rumen  and 
the  left  kidney,  PI.  IV.  Unlike  those  of  the  horse,  the  caecimi  and  large 
intestine  have  no  muscle-bands  and  are  not  sacculated.  In  cattle  the 
relations  of  the  large  intestine,  particularly  to  the  mesentery  of  the  small 
intestine,  are  such  that  torsion  of  the  large  intestine  is  practically  impossible. 
From  the  caecum  the  large  intestine  extends  cephalad  for  a  short  distance 
(lo  cm.)  and  then  turns  abruptly  dorso-caudally  near  the  ventral  ends  of 
the  last  two  ribs.  It  then  extends  caudally  (25  to  30  cm.)  along  the  dorsal 
surface  of  the  caecum,  to  the  caudal  part  of  the  sublumbar  region.  Here  it 
turns  dorsally  and  extends  cephalad,  parallel  to  the  portion  just  mentioned 
but  separated  from  it  by  intervening  portions  of  the  large  intestine,  as  far 
as  to  the  second  (or  first)  lumbar  vertebra,  where  it  turns  ventro-caudally 
and  is  continued  by  the  spiral  portion  of  the  large  intestine.  The  coiled 
portion  of  the  intestine  makes  two  complete  turns  in  a  direct  or  clockwise 
course  (centripetal  coils)  and  two  complete  turns  in  a  retrograde  or  counter- 
cloclcwise  direction  (centrifugal  coils).  The  length  of  the  large  intestine 
of  an  adult  Holstein  cow,  measured  in  a  fresh  condition,  was  27  feet, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  average  length.  Palpation  per  rectum  of  the 
caeciim  and  the  caudal  portions  of  the  small  and  large  intestines  is  easily 
effected. 

Costal  attachment  of  the  diaphragm.  The  costal  attachment  of  the  dia- 
phragm in  cattle  should  be  specially  noticed.  In  a  cow  one  year  of  age  the 
costal  attachment  of  the  diaphragm  was  as  follows :   Beginning  at  the  ven- 


13 

tral  end  of  the  eighth  rib  the  Hne  marking  the  most  ventral  limit  of  attach- 
ment crossed  the  asternal  ribs  at  the  following  respective  distances  dorsal 
to  the  costo-chondral  junction :  the  tenth  rib,  3.8  cm. ;  the  eleventh  rib, 
6.3  cm. ;  the  twelfth  rib,  12  cm. ;  and  the  thirteenth  rib,  16.5  cm.  dorsal  to 
the  costo-chondral  junction.  The  extent  of  diaphragmatic  attachment  to 
each  rib  was  as  follows  :  to  the  costicartilage  and  slightly  to  the  ventral  end 
of  the  eighth  rib ;  to  the  ninth  rib  the  diaphragm  was  attached  for  a  dis- 
tance of  3.8  cm.  from  the  costo-chondral  junction ;  to  the  tenth  rib,  a  dis- 
tance of  5  cm. ;  to  the  eleventh  rib,  a  distance  of  6.4  cm. ;  to  the  twelfth  rib, 
a  distance  of  5.7  cm. ;  and  to  the  thirteenth  rib,  a  distance  of  2  cm.  The 
line  of  reflection  of  the  costo-diaphragmatic  pleura  was  at  a  greater  dis- 
tance from  the  ventral  ends  of  the  ribs  than  the  extreme  dorsal  limit  of 
muscle  attachment  and  varied  from  2.5  cm.  at  the  eighth  rib  to  6  cm.  at  the 
twelfth  rib.  The  pleura  did  not  touch  any  portion  of  the  thirteenth  rib. 
From  the  above  measurements,  but  especially  from  Pis.  Ill,  IV,  VI,  VII, 
X,  it  may  be  seen  that  the  size  of  the  thoracic  cavity  is  surprisingly  small. 
Not  only  is  the  diaphragm  attached  at  some  considerable  distance  from  the 
ventral  ends  of  the  asternal  ribs,  but  its  central  portion  extends  as  far  ceph- 
alad  as  opposite  the  sixth  rib.  Auscultation  or  percussion  over  that  por- 
tion of  the  thoracic  parietes  formed  by  the  ventral  half  or  two  thirds  of 
the  asternal  ribs,  i.e.  below  the  line  of  diaphragmatic  attachment  to  the 
ribs,  would  obviously  relate  to  abdominal  organs  and  not  to  those  of  the 
thorax. 

The  liver  lies  almost  wholly  to  the  right  of  the  median  plane.  Its  long  axis 
extends  from  the  cephalic  end  of  the  right  kidney  to  opposite  the  ventral 
end  of  the  sixth  or  even  the  fifth  rib.  Pis.  II,  III.  Its  parietal  or  dia- 
phragmatic surface  is  for  the  most  part  in  contact  with  the  diaphragm,  but 
a  small  portion  of  its  dorsal  extremity  touches  the  dorsal  end  of  the  last  one 
or  two  ribs  and  a  small  portion  of  the  adjoining  wall  of  the  abdomen.  The 
visceral  surface  is  concave  and  irregular.  This  surface  is  related  to  the  retic- 
uliun,  gall  bladder,  duodenum,  pancreas,  right  kidney  and  adrenal,  portal 
lymph  glands  and  the  portal  vein,  Pis.  II,  III.  This  surface  is  marked  by 
the  portal  fissure  and  by  impressions  of  the  reticulum,  omasum,  gall  bladder 
and  duodenum.  The  dorsal  border  is  short  and  thick  and  is  marked  by  the 
deep  renal  fossa  made  by  the  cephalic  end  of  the  right  kidney  and  adrenal ; 
at  this  border  also  is  the  large,  thick,  quadrilateral-shaped  caudate  lobe  of 
the  liver.  The  ventral  border  is  short,  thin  and  unbroken.  The  right 
border  contains  the  umbilical  fossa.  On  the  left  border,  almost  directly 
opposite  the  umbilical  fossa,  is  the  oesophageal  notch.  The  area  for  per- 
cussion of  the  liver  is  shown  in  Pis.  II,  III. 


The  cholecyst  or  gall  bladder  is  a  large  pear-shaped  sac  from  lo  cm.  in  length 
in  one  specimen  to  i6  cm.  in  another.  It  lies  opposite  the  ventral  part  of 
the  ninth  and  tenth  intercostal  spaces,  Pis.  II,  III,  X.  In  an  adult  Hol- 
stein  cow  the  most  dependent  portion  of  the  gall  bladder  was  7  cm.  dorsal 
to  the  costo-chondral  junction  of  the  tenth  rib.  In  a  second  specimen  its 
most  dependent  part  was  only  2.5  cm.  dorsal  to  this  point,  PI.  X.  The 
gall  bladder  is  in  contact  with  the  visceral  surface  of  the  liver,  to  which  it 
is  closely  attached ;  it  is  also  in  contact  with  the  abdominal  surface  of  the 
diaphragm,  Pis.  II,  X.  The  cystic,  hepatic  and  common  bile  ducts  and  the 
place  of  communication  of  the  latter  with  the  duodenvtm  are  aU  shown  in 
PI.  III. 

The  pancreas,  Pis.  I,  II,  III,  X,  is  approximately  triangular  in  shape,  one 
of  the  angles  being  a  right  angle  and  the  other  two  very  blunt  or  rounded. 
It  has  two  surfaces,  dorsal  and  ventral,  and  three  borders  —  right,  left  and 
cephalic.  In  this  specimen  the  right  border  was  16  cm.  in  length;  the 
cephalic  border  was  17  cm.  in  length,  and  the  left  border  21  cm.  The  left 
border  is  broken  by  a  deep  incision,  at  the  bottom  of  which  are  the  portal 
vein  and  hepatic  artery ;  several  lymph  glands  also  are  present  in  this  pan- 
creatic incision.  The  dorsal  surface  of  the  pancreas  is  related  to  the  liver, 
right  kidney,  crura  of  the  diaphragm,  vena  cava,  anterior  mesenteric  artery 
and  vein  and  the  left  adrenal.  The  dorsal  face  of  the  organ  is  attached  to 
the  liver,  at  the  dorsal  part  of  the  portal  fissure,  and  to  the  portion  of  liver 
adjacent  to  the  fossa  venae  cavae.  Between  these  two  areas  of  attachment  the 
pancreas  is  free  and  forms  the  ventral  boundary  of  the  foramen  epiploicum. 
The  dorsal  opening  of  this  foramen  was  6  cm.  in  width  ;  the  ventral  opening 
was  2.5  cm.  wide  ;  and  the  distance  between  these  two  orifices  was  7  cm.  The 
ventral  surface  of  the  pancreas  is  related  to  the  dorsal  sac  of  the  rumen, 
to  the  omasum,  the  duodenum  and  the  large  intestine,  Pis.  Ill,  VIII.  The 
pancreatic  duct  leaves  the  gland  at  its  caudal  angle  (or  extremity)  and  enters 
the  duodenum  from  20  to  35  cm.  caudal  to  the  bile  duct,  Pis.  Ill,  X.  The 
caudal  portion  of  the  pancreas  lies  between  the  two  layers  of  the  mesoduo- 
denum.  This  part  of  the  gland  is  wide  and  thin  and  is  often  divided  into 
two  branches,  PI.  X.  From  the  relations  of  the  pancreatic  duct  as  shown  in 
Pis.  Ill  and  X,  it  is  apparent  that  no  great  difficulty  would  be  encountered 
in  opening  this  duct  to  collect  the  pancreatic  secretion  for  physiologic  or 
experimental  purposes. 

The  spleen  is  situated  at  the  left  side  of  the  cephalic  extremity  of  the  stomach, 
as  shown  in  PI.  V.  It  has  the  form  of  an  elongated  ellipse,  both  ends  being 
rounded,  thin  and  approximately  of  the  same  size.     This  organ  varies  con- 


15 

siderably  in  size  in  different  individuals.  In  the  present  specimen  it  was 
49  cm.  in  length  and  15.5  cm.  in  width.  In  another  case  it  measured  62  cm. 
by  18  cm.  The  dorsal  extremity  lies  under  the  vertebral  ends  of  the  last 
two  ribs  ;  sometimes  this  end  of  the  spleen  extends  back  as  far  as  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  first  Ivimbar  transverse  process.  The  ventral  extremity  is  oppo- 
site the  costo-chondral  junction  of  the  eighth  rib  ;  not  infrequently,  how- 
ever, this  extremity  does  not  extend  so  far  ventrad.  The  parietal  surface 
of  the  spleen  is  convex  and  is  in  contact  with  the  diaphragm  only,  except 
possibly  a  very  small  part  of  its  dorsal  portion.  The  visceral  surface  is 
concave  and  is  related  principally  to  the  rumen,  PI.  VI,  27.  Its  ventral 
end  is  usually  in  contact  with  the  reticidtim  for  a  distance  of  5  cm.  more  or 
less.  The  dorsal  part  of  the  spleen  is  attached  to  the  left  eras  of  the  dia- 
phragm and  to  the  rumen  by  connective  tissue  and  reflected  peritoneiun. 
The  ventral  end  is  free  or  unattached  for  a  distance  of  12  to  15  cm.  About 
one  half  of  the  visceral  surface  of  the  spleen  is  attached  directly  to  the  ru- 
men by  connective  tissue  and  is  not  covered  with  peritoneum,  PL  VI.  Sim- 
ilarly there  is  a  non-peritoneal  area  of  two  to  three  centimeters  average 
width  on  the  parietal  surface  along  the  dorsal  half  of  the  cephalic  border  of 
the  spleen.  The  area  for  percussion  of  the  spleen  is  well  shown  in  PI.  V. 
In  this  connection  it  should  be  noted  that  the  spleen  is  overlapped  to  about 
one  half  of  its  width  by  the  left  lung,  the  diaphragm  intervening  between 
the  two  organs. 

The  kidneys  of  the  cow  are  distinctly  lobulated.  The  lobules  are  of  un- 
equal size  and  vary  in  number  from  eighteen  to  twenty- three,  more  or  less. 
The  right  kidney  is  elongated  and  flattened  dorso-ventrally.  Its  average 
dimensions  are  21  cm.  in  length,  12  cm.  in  width  and  4  to  6  cm.  in  thickness. 
It  commonly  lies  ventral  to  the  last  rib  and  the  transverse  processes  of  the 
first  two  lumbar  vertebrae ;  in  some  cases  it  extends  as  far  as  the  trans- 
verse process  of  the  third  Ivimbar  vertebra.  The  dorsal  surface  is  in  contact 
with  the  sublumbar  muscles.  The  ventral  surface  is  related  to  the  liver, 
pancreas,  right  adrenal,  duodentim  and  the  large  intestine.  The  right  kidney 
did  not  touch  the  nimen ;  the  aorta,  vena  cava  and  crura  of  the  diaphragm 
intervene  between  the  two. 

The  left  kidney  in  adult  cattle  and  sheep  occupies  an  unexpected  position. 
Instead  of  lying  wholly  to  the  left  of  the  median  plane  as  it  does  in  non- 
ruminant  mammals  and  in  the  young  (calf  and  lamb)  of  rtiminants,  it  is 
situated  either  partially  or  wholly  to  the  right  of  the  median  plane,  PI.  IV, 
27 ;  PI.  VIII,  14.  This  is  apparently  dependent  upon  the  extent  of  re- 
pletion of  the  nunen.  The  left  kidney  is  situated  considerably  farther 
caudal  than  the  right.     It  extends  from  opposite  the  caudal  edge  of  the 


i6 

transverse  process  of  the  second  lunibar  vertebra  to  opposite  the  correspond- 
ing border  of  the  transverse  process  of  the  fifth  lumbar  vertebra.  The  left 
kidney  also  is  situated  farther  ventrally  than  the  right.  The  ventral  sxir- 
face  of  the  right  kidney  was  9  cm.  ventral  to  the  transverse  processes  of 
the  lumbar  vertebrae,  while  that  of  the  left  kidney  was  16  cm.  ventral  to 
these  processes.  The  left  kidney  is  more  or  less  regularly  three  sided,  with 
medial,  dorso-lateral  and  ventral  surfaces,  PI.  VIII,  14. 

The  medial  siorface  is  in  contact  with  the  visceral  or  right  face  of  the 
rumen.  The  dorso-lateral  surface  is  in  contact  with  the  subltimbar  muscles 
and  the  large  intestine.     The  ventral  surface  is  related  to  the  large  intestine. 

The  hilus  of  the  left  kidney  opens  almost  directly  to  the  right,  while 
that  of  the  right  kidney  opens  to  the  left.  Palpation  per  recttim  of  the 
left  kidney  is  easily  effected. 

The  adrenals.  The  right  adrenal  is  molded  to  the  medial  surface  of  the 
cephalic  end  of  the  right  kidney.  It  is  somewhat  pyramidal  in  form,  having 
three  faces,  medial,  lateral  and  ventral,  also  an  apex  and  a  base.  The 
medial  s\irface  of  the  right  adrenal  is  in  contact  with  the  right  cms  of  the 
diaphragm.  The  cephalic  portion  of  the  lateral  surface  is  related  to  the 
liver ;  the  remaining  portion  of  this  siu-face  is  marked  by  a  fossa  which  is 
occupied  by  the  cephalic  end  of  the  right  kidney.  The  ventral  surface  is 
marked  by  a  shallow  groove  for  the  vena  cava.  The  ventral  surface  was 
6  cm.  in  length  by  2  cm.  in  greatest  width.  The  dorsal  border  was  5.5  cm. 
long  and  the  base  was  5  cm.  in  length.  The  average  thickness  of  the  right 
adrenal  was  about  i  cm.  The  left  adrenal  is  approximately  medial  in 
position.  It  lies  on  the  medial  surface  of  the  vena  cava  immediately  caudal 
to  the  anterior  mesenteric  artery.  Its  form  and  position  are  shown  in  PI. 
VIII.  Its  greatest  length  was  seven  and  three  quarter  centimeters  and  its 
width  was  four  and  one  quarter  centimeters ;  its  thickness  was  a  little  over 
one  centimeter.  The  right  surface  of  the  left  adrenal  is  closely  attached  to 
the  vena  cava.  The  left  surface  was  in  contact  with  the  pancreas  and  the 
anterior  mesenteric  artery.  The  left  adrenal  was  situated  3  cm.  cephalad 
of  the  left  kidney,  PI.  VIII. 

The  thoracic  cavity. 

Attention  has  been  called  to  the  costal  attachment  of  the  diaphragm 
and  the  consequent  diminution  in  size  of  the  thoracic  cavity  as  com- 
pared to  that  of  the  horse.  In  the  live  animal  the  size  of  the  cavity 
varies  with  each  inspiration  and  expiration.  In  expiration  the  periph- 
eral portion  of  the  diaphragm  lies '  directly  against  the  thoracic  wall, 
PI.  I,  X.     When  the  diaphragm  contracts  in  inspiration,  it  is  drawn  away 


17 

from  the  inner  wall  of  the  thorax  and  the  length  of  the  thoracic  cavity  is 
correspondingly  increased.  This  increased  thoracic  space  is  immediately 
occupied  by  the  expanding  lungs  whose  sharp  borders  then  extend  caudally 
as  far  as  the  reflected  costo-diaphragmatic  pleura.  In  consequence  of  this 
alternate  contraction  and  relaxation  of  the  diaphragm  the  lateral  borders  of 
the  lungs  are  continually  moving  backward  and  forward,  the  extent  of  such 
movement  varying  from  lo  to  20  cm.,  PL  X.  In  expiration  the  caudal 
border  of  the  lung  is  approximately  indicated  by  a  line  drawn  from  the 
dorsal  end  of  the  twelfth  rib  to  the  costo-chondral  junction  of  the  sixth  rib. 
In  inspiration  the  border  of  the  lungs  extends  from  10  to  20  cm.  caudal  to 
this  line. 

The  lungs.  In  connection  with  the  lungs  the  following  special  points 
may  be  noted :  (a)  The  apex  of  the  right  lung,  unlike  that  of  the  left,  ex- 
tends a  little  distance  cephalad  of  the  first  rib,  PL  II.  (b)  The  extra  bron- 
chus to  the  apical  lobe  of  the  right  lung  arises  from  the  trachea  opposite  the 
third  rib,  Pis.  Ill,  IV,  17.  (c)  The  bifurcation  of  the  trachea  into  right 
and  left  bronchi  is  opposite  the  fifth  rib,  PL  IV.  (d)  The  cardiac  notch  of 
the  left  lung  is  larger  than  that  of  the  right  so  that  a  greater  area  of  the 
pericardium  is  left  uncovered  by  the  lung  on  the  left  side  than  on  the  right, 
Pis.  V,  II.  (e)  On  the  left  side  the  caudal  portion  of  the  lung  overlaps  the 
spleen  and  on  the  right  side  it  overlaps  the  liver,  the  diaphragm  only  inter- 
vening, Pis.  V,  II. 

The  pericardium  and  heart. 

The  pericardium  is  covered  by  the  middle  or  pericardiac  portion  of 
the  mediastinum  and  is  crossed  on  either  lateral  side,  near  the  base 
of  the  heart,  by  the  phrenic  nerves.  There  are  several  small  orifices 
in  the  fibrous  layer  of  the  pericarditim  through  which  several  of  the 
cardiac  nerves  pass  to  the  walls  of  the  heart.  The  lateral  surfaces  of 
the  pericardium,  in  a  strict  sense,  are  related  only  to  the  mediastinal  layers 
of  the  pleura.  Commonly,  however,  these  surfaces  of  the  pericarditun  are 
described  as  though  they  were  in  direct  contact  with  the  lungs  and  the 
thoracic  walls.  On  the  left  side  the  area  of  contact  of  the  pericardium  with 
the  thoracic  wall  is  considerably  larger  than  it  is  on  the  right  side.  In  the 
specimen,  a  large  Holstein,  from  which  these  measurements  were  taken,  this 
area  (cardiac  notch  of  the  lung)  extended  from  the  second  rib  to  near  the 
caudal  edge  of  the  fourth  rib.  The  area  is  approximately  quadrilateral ; 
its  height,  at  the  second  rib,  was  10  cm.  and  at  the  fourth  rib  15  cm.  dorsal 
to  the  respective  costo-chondral  articulations.  On  the  right  side  the  cardiac 
notch  of  the  lung  is  smaller  and  consequently  a  smaller  area  of  the  peri- 


i8 

cardium  touches  the  thoracic  wall.  The  area  extended  from  the  second  rib 
to  the  fourth.  Its  height  at  the  second  rib  was  8.5  cm.  and  at  the  fotirth 
rib  10.5  cm.  dorsal  to  the  respective  costo-chondral  artictdations. 

The  heart,  in  this  specimen,  was  opposite  the  second,  third,  fourth  and  fifth 
ribs  and  the  second,  third  and  fovirth  intercostal  spaces.  The  cephalic 
border  or  surface,  as  a  whole,  is  strongly  convex ;  the  apical  portion,  how- 
ever, is  nearly  parallel  to  the  sternum.  The  caudal  border  or  surface  is 
shorter,  straighter  and  was  approximately  parallel  to  the  fifth  rib.  A  plane 
passed  lengthwise  of  the  fifth  rib  and  about  midway  between  its  two  borders 
would  mark  the  caudal  boundary  of  this  border  of  the  heart.  The  apex 
of  the  heart  was  opposite  the  ventral  portion  of  the  fifth  interchondral  space. 
The  close  proximity  of  the  heart  to  the  diaphragm  and  to  the  reticulum  is 
apparent  from  Pis.  Ill,  IV,  VI,  VII.  The  pulmonary  valve  was  opposite  the 
second  intercostal  space  at  a  point  8  cm.  dorsal  to  the  costo-chondral 
articiilation  of  the  second  rib.  The  ligamenttmi  arteriosum  left  the  piol- 
monary  artery  opposite  the  fourth  rib  at  a  point  24  cm.  dorsal  to  its  costo- 
chondral  articulation.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  relation  of  the  heart 
to  the  ribs  and  intercostal  spaces,  as  above  described,  differs  by  about  the 
width  of  one  rib  from  similar  relations  found  in  another  specimen  and 
figured  in  Pis.  Ill,  IV,  VI,  and  VII. 

The  pelvic  organs. 

The  position  of  the  pelvic  organs,  particularly  of  the  uterus  and  the 
urocyst,  are  subject  to  considerable  variation.  The  urocyst  or  bladder 
when  empty  and  contracted  forms  a  small  piriform  mass  lying  on  the 
floor  of  and  almost  wholly  within  the  pelvic  cavity,  PI.  IX.  In  the 
female  the  urethra  is  about  10  cm.  in  length  and  is  closely  connected 
dorsally  to  the  wall  of  the  vagina.  The  external  urethral  orifice  is  about 
10  to  12  cm.  from  the  ventral  commissure  of  the  vulva.  The  relations  of 
the  empty  bladder  to  the  uterus  and  vagina  are  shown  in  PI.  IX. 

The  general  form,  location  and  relations  of  the  internal  genital  organs 
of  the  cow  are  shown  in  PI.  IX,  Figs.  1,2.  In  Fig.  2  a  portion  of  the  small 
intestine  has  been  removed  from  the  pelvic  cavity.  In  neither  of  these 
specimens  was  the  uterus  or  its  comu  in  contact  with  the  rumen.  In  Fig.  i 
is  shown  an  abnormal  form  of  the  uterine  comu.  The  cow  from  which 
the  drawing  was  made  was  sterile.  But  whether  this  form  of  the  comu  is 
at  all  characteristic  of  the  condition  of  sterility  I  am  unable  to  state.  Such 
form  of  the  comu,  however,  is  common  in  sterile  cattle.  Figure  two  shows 
the  uterus  and  comu  in,  approximately  at  least,  their  normal  form.  In 
both  of  these  figures  the  broad  ligament  of  the  uterus  has  been  removed. 


19 

Its  line  of  attachment  to  the  uterus  coincides  with  that  of  the  uterine  blood 
vessels,  a  part  of  which  are  shown  in  PI.  IX,  Fig.  2.  The  accessibility  of 
all  parts  of  the  internal  genital  organs  to  palpation  per  rectum  is  quite 
obvious. 

The  gravid  uterus  at  the  beginning  of  the  eighth  month  of  gestation.     The 

contrast  in  size,  position  and  relations  of  the  gravid  uterus  to  the  non- 
gravid  organ  is  very  striking,  as  may  be  seen  by  comparing  plates  IX 
and  X.  Plate  X  was  made  from  a  cow  which  was  bred  April  12,  1917, 
and  killed  on  the  fifteenth  of  Nov.  191 7,  a  period  of  216  days  of  gestation. 
The  most  marked  features  of  this  drawing  are  the  enormous  increase 
in  size  of  the  gravid  right  comu  of  the  uterus ;  its  relation  to  the  broad 
ligament  of  the  uterus  and  to  the  ventro-dextral  wall  of  the  abdomen ; 
the  correlative  displacement  of  the  small  intestine  and  certain  other  viscera, 
especially  the  right  ovary. 

The  broad  ligament  of  the  uterus  (Lig.  latum  uteri).  The  anatomical 
relations  of  the  broad  ligament  of  the  uterus,  especially  in  breeding  and 
dairy  cattle,  are  of  special  interest.  Displacement  or  torsion  of  the  gravid 
uterus  sometimes  occurs  in  cattle  and  sheep  as  well  as  in  other  animals. 
This  accident,  in  cattle,  is  largely  determined  by  the  anatomical  relations 
of  the  broad  ligaments  of  the  uterus.  The  parietal  attachment  of  the  broad 
ligament  in  the  present  specimen  began  at  a  point  8  cm.  ventral  to  the  trans- 
verse process  of  the  fourth  liunbar  vertebra.  From  here  it  extended  caudally 
and  slightly  ventrally,  and  crossed  the  shaft  of  the  ilium  at  a  distance  of  4 
cm.  dorsal  to  the  edge  of  the  cotyloid  cavity.  At  a  point  directly  ventral 
to  the  coxal  or  external  angle  of  the  ilium,  the  distance  between  the  parietal 
attachment  of  the  broad  ligament  and  the  ventral  edge  of  this  angle  of  the 
ilium  was  18  cm.  The  gravid  uterus  extends  far  cephalad  of  its  ligamentous 
attachment  to  the  abdominal  wall,  PI.  X.  In  consequence  of  this,  rotation 
of  the  uterus  upon  its  long  axis  frequently  occurs.  Notwithstanding  the 
great  cephalic  extension  of  the  gravid  uterus,  the  ovary  and  the  ovarian 
extremity  of  the  comu  of  the  uterus  are  not  greatly  displaced  from  their 
normal  position  in  the  non-gravid  animal.  In  the  present  case  the  ovary 
was  situated  4  cm.  cephalad  of  a  vertical  plane  through  the  coxal  angles  of 
the  ilium  and  27  cm.  ventral  to  a  horizontal  plane  through  these  angles  ;  or 
to  put  it  another  way,  the  ovary  was  26  cm.  in  a  direct  line,  cephalad  of 
the  pubis.  It  could  be  palpated  easily  per  rectiun.  The  adjacent  ex- 
tremity of  the  right  comu  of  the  uterus  was  situated  a  little  ventral  to  the 
ovary,  PL  X.  In  PI.  X  the  fimbriated  extremity  or  infundibulum  of  the 
oviduct  was  tumed  back  sufficiently  to  show  the  abdominal  or  peritoneal 


orifice  of  the  oviduct  —  ostium  abdominale  tubae  uterinae,  PI.  X.  At  this 
period  of  gestation  the  gravid  comu  had  extended  cephalad  to  within  2.5 
cm.  of  the  omasum,  or,  in  this  case,  opposite  to  the  sternal  end  of  the  tenth 
rib.  This  cephahc  extension,  measured  in  a  straight  Hne,  was  100  cm.  from 
the  ischial  tuberosity.  The  greater  part  of  the  small  intestine  was  crowded 
from  its  normal  position,  as  shown  in  Pis.  II,  III,  to  a  position  dorso-cephalad 
of  the  anterior  half  of  the  gravid  comu,  PL  X.  Not  more  than  six  to  eight 
feet  of  the  small  intestine  intervened  between  the  genital  organs  and  the 
floor  of  the  abdomen  immediately  cephalad  of  the  pubis,  PI.  X.  By  far 
the  greater  portion  of  the  gravid  organ  was  situated  to  the  right  of  the 
median  plane  but  it  also  projected  considerably  to  the  left  of  this  plane. 
The  relations  of  the  genital  organs  at  this  period  of  gestation,  the  beginning 
of  the  eighth  month,  were  as  follows  :  ventrally  to  the  bladder,  a  short  por- 
tion of  the  small  intestine  and  to  the  floor  of  the  abdomen  cephalad  as  far 
as  opposite  the  ventral  end  of  the  tenth  rib,  P  X  The  greater  omentum 
intervenes  between  the  uterine  comu  and  the  abdominal  floor.  On  the 
right  side  the  gravid  comu  was  related  to  the  broad  ligament  of  the  uterus, 
to  the  right  ovary  and  the  right  wall  of  the  abdomen,  with  the  greater  omen- 
tum interposed  between  the  cornu  and  the  abdominal  wall,  PI.  X.  Dor- 
sally,  the  organ  was  in  contact  with  the  rectum,  large  intestine,  caecum, 
the  small  intestine  and  partially  with  the  ventral  sac  of  the  rumen.  The 
left  or  visceral  surface  of  the  gravid  comu  was  related  to  the  left  comu  but 
almost  wholly  to  the  ventral  sac  of  the  rumen  which  also  partially  covered 
the  dorso-sinistral  surface  of  this  comu.  The  portion  of  small  intestine 
connecting  the  large  mass  at  the  dorso-cephalic  extremity  of  the  comu  and 
the  smaller  portion  at  the  ventral  side  of  the  genital  organs,  just  in  front 
of  the  pelvic  inlet,  passed  between  the  gravid  comu  and  the  adjacent  sur- 
face of  the  rumen.  As  already  mentioned,  the  gravid  comu  extended 
cephalad  nearly  to  the  ventro-caudal  surface  of  the  omasum,  being  sepa- 
rated from  it  and  from  the  pyloric  portion  of  the  abomasum  by  loops  of  the 
small  intestine,  PI.  X. 

The  superficial  lymph  glands. 

The  accessibility  of  these  glands  to  palpation  obviously  is  dependent 
upon  a  number  of  considerations,  as,  for  example,  the  physical  con- 
dition of  the  animal,  whether  in  poor  or  good  flesh ;  whether  the  skin  is 
thin  and  pliable  or  thick  and  unyielding ;  the  size  of  the  glands  and 
the  experience  and  skill  of  the  person  making  the  examination.  Vary- 
ing degrees  of  manipulative  skill  and  acuteness  of  touch  doubtless  account 
for  discrepancies  of  statement  as  to  the  possibility  of  palpating  certain 
lymph  glands  in  the  healthy  animal.     Some  of   the  lymph  glands  which 


are  palpable  only  with  diffictdty  and  uncertainty  in  the  healthy  animal 
are  easily  felt  if  enlarged  as  a  restdt  of  disease. 

The  mandibular  lymph  glands  (submaxillary  or  intermaxillary)  are  two  in 
number,  one  on  either  side.  The  gland  is  situated  about  midway  between 
the  angle  of  the  mandible  and  the  vascular  groove  where  the  artery  and  vein 
maxillaris  externa  and  the  parotid  duct  cross  the  ventral  border  of  the 
mandible.  The  gland  lies  between  the  muscle  stemo-cephalicus  (stemo- 
mandibularis)  and  the  submaxillary  salivary  gland.  The  muscle  forms  the 
ventro-lateral  boundary  of  the  gland  and  the  submaxillary  sahvary  gland 
forms  its  medial  boundary.  Dorsally,  it  is  related  to  the  V.  maxillaris 
externa  and  the  ventral  border  of  the  mandible.  Sometimes  the  submaxil- 
lary salivary  gland  forms  both  the  medial  and  ventral  boundaries  of  the 
lymph  gland.  The  gland  is  oval  shaped  and  was  4  cm.  long  by  2.5  cm. 
wide  and  1.3  cm.  greatest  thickness.  (Average  size,  3-4.5  cm.  by  2-3  cm. 
by  i-if  cm.,  Baum.) 

The  parotid  lymph  gland  is  situated  a  little  ventral  to  the  temporo-man- 
dibular  articulation  between  the  masseter  muscle  and  the  dorsal  end  of  the 
parotid  salivary  gland,  PI.  Ill,  40,  PL  IV,  30.  The  gland  is  partially,  some- 
times wholly,  covered  by  the  parotid  salivary  gland.  The  more  common 
condition,  however,  is  shown  in  Pis.  Ill,  IV,  VI,  VII,  where  a  portion  of  the 
lymph  gland  is  uncovered  by  the  salivary  gland.  When  this  relation  ob- 
tains the  lymph  gland  usually  can  be  distinctly  palpated  in  the  healthy 
animal.  The  size  of  this  gland  in  a  large  Holstein  was  4.7  cm.  long  by  2 
cm.  wide  and  i  cm.  in  thickness.  (Average  size  is  6-9  cm.  long  by  1.5- 
3  cm.  wide  by  f-i  cm.  thick,  Baimi.) 

The  lateral  retro-pharyngeal  lymph  gland  (atlantal  or  sub-atlantal) . 
This  gland  is  situated  on  the  caudo-lateral  wall  of  the  pharynx  and  is  cov- 
ered laterally  by  the  dorsal  end  of  the  submaxillary  salivary  gland.  The 
dorsal  end  of  the  lymph  gland  lies  2  cm.  ventral  to  the  caudal  portion  of  the 
wing  of  the  atlas.  The  larger  portion  and  sometimes  the  whole  of  the  gland 
is  situated  caudal  to  a  transverse  vertical  plane  between  the  atlas  and  the 
axis.  The  gland  is  immediately  dorsal  to  the  common  carotid  artery. 
Its  dimensions,  in  an  adult  Holstein,  were  4.5  cm.  long  by  2.5  cm.  wide  by 
f  cm.  thick.     (Average  size,  4-5  cm.  by  2-3.5  cm.  by  f-ii  cm.,  Baum.) 

Anterior  cervical  lymph  glands  are  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  thyroid 
body  along  the  course  of  the  common  carotid  artery.  They  vary  in  ntunber, 
3  to  5,  and  in  size.  In  the  present  case  three  were  present,  of  which  the 
largest  was  2.3  cm.  by  1.2  cm.  In  the  healthy  animal  these  glands  cer- 
tainly could  not  be  satisfactorily  palpated. 


The  prescapular  lymph  gland  (superficial  cervical)  is  situated  at  the  cephalic 
border  of  the  supraspinatus  muscle  a  little  dorsal  to,  or  above,  the  point  of 
the  shoulder.  The  gland  is  covered,  in  large  part,  by  the  muscle  omo- 
transversarius  which  is  here  only  about  one  half  centimeter  in  thickness. 
Its  ventral  portion  is  covered  by  the  muscle  brachio-cephalicus  which  is 
somewhat  thicker  than  the  preceding  muscle.  The  lymph  gland  is  large, 
8.7  cm.  by  3.2  cm.  by  1.9  cm.,  and  can  be  readily  palpated  in  the  live  animal. 
In  addition  to  this  large  gland  there  are  often  several  additional  small 
nodules  scattered  along  the  cephalic  border  of  the  supraspinatus  muscle  and 
covered  by  the  omo-transversarius  and  the  very  thin  trapezius.  The  small 
glands,  of  a  dark  red  color,  vary  in  ntimber  from  5  to  10  and  in  size  from 
4  mm.  up  to  1.9  cm.  (Average  size  of  the  prescapular  lymph  gland,  7-9  cm. 
by  1.5-2  cm.  by  1-1.5  cm.,  Baum.) 

The  precrural  lymph  glands  (prefemoral  or  subiliac),  one  on  either  side,  are 
situated  on  the  aponeurosis  of  the  muscle  obliquus  abdominis  extemus  in 
the  region  of  the  flank,  PI.  IX.  The  gland  lies  at  the  cephalic  edge  of  the 
tensor  fasciae  latae  and  from  20  to  30  cm.  ventral  to  the  coxal  or  external 
angle  of  the  ilium ;  or  from  15  to  20  cm.  dorsal  to  the  free  edge  or  border  of 
the  fold  of  skin  at  the  flank.  The  gland  is  covered  by  the  skin  and  the  thin 
aponeurosis  of  the  muscle  cutaneus  trunci  and  can  be  palpated  easily  in 
the  healthy  cow.  The  size  of  the  gland  varies  considerably.  In  one  speci- 
men it  was  7.5  cm.  long  by  2.5  cm.  wide ;  in  another  case  it  was  10.5  cm. 
long  by  3  cm.  wide.  (Average  size,  6-1 1  cm.  by  1^2^  cm.  by  i  cm.,  Baum.) 
Usually  it  forms  a  single  structure  as  shown  in  PI.  IX,  Fig.  2,  but  sometimes 
there  are  accessory  glands  as  shown  in  PI.  IX,  Fig.  i. 

The  superficial  inguinal  lymph  glands  differ  in  their  relations  in  the  two 
sexes.  "  In  the  male  they  are  situated  in  a  mass  of  fatty  tissue  immediately 
caudal  to  the  spermatic  cord.  Superficially,  they  are  covered  by  the  skin 
and  partially  by  the  retractor  muscle  of  the  prepuce.  More  commonly  only 
one  gland  on  either  side  is  present  but  there  may  be  two  or  three  and  in 
exceptional  cases  even  as  many  as  four  glands  on  a  side.  Occasionally  an 
unpaired  gland  is  found  between  the  penis  and  the  ventral  abdominal  wall. 
The  largest  of  the  superficial  inguinal  lymph  glands,  in  the  advdt  male,  are 
from  3-6  cm.  in  length  and  from  2-3  cm.  in  width."     Baum. 

In  the  female  these  glands  are  often  termed  the  supramammary  or 
retromammary  lymph  glands.  Usually  there  are  two  of  these  glands  present 
on  either  side.  Exceptionally  a  third  gland  may  be  present  on  one  side 
and  one  gland  only  on  the  other.  The  largest  glands  are  in  apposition,  or 
nearly  so,  medially,  and  are  sometimes  united  along  their  medial  borders. 


23 

The  glands  are  situated  between  the  hind  quarters  of  the  udder  and  the 
ventral  surface  of  the  pelvis  but  at  some  little  distance,  12  cm.  more  or  less, 
from  it.  Pis.  IX,  X.  Of  the  three  glands  shown  in  PI.  IX,  Fig.  2,  the  largest 
one  was  5.5  cm.  long  and  3.5  cm.  wide.  (Average  size,  6-10  cm.  long  by 
1-4  cm.  wide  by  f-1.5  cm.  thick,  Baum.)  The  supramammary  lymph 
glands,  in  many  cases  at  least,  may  be  readily  palpated  in  the  healthy  dairy 
cow. 

The  thoracic  duct.  In  all  mammals,  so  far  as  known,  except  the  New  World 
monkeys,  the  lymphatic  system  communicates  with  the  venous  system 
by  two  main  trunks,  the  thoracic  duct  and  the  right  lymphatic  duct  (or 
right  tracheal  duct).  The  thoracic  duct  opens  into  the  veins  at,  or  close 
to,  the  angle  of  junction  of  the  left  external  jugvdar  and  axillary  veins.  Pis. 
VI,  VII.  The  right  lymphatic  duct  (or  right  tracheal  duct)  opens  at  a 
corresponding  point  or  points,  on  the  right  side.  The  thoracic  duct  begins 
at  the  cistema  chyli  which  is  situated  between  the  aorta  and  the  right  crus 
of  the  diaphragm  at  the  first  and  second  lumbar  vertebrae.  The  duct 
passes  through  the  hiatus  aorticus  of  the  diaphragm  into  the  right  pleural 
cavity,  PI.  IV,  35.  It  extends  forward  between  the  aorta  and  the  vena 
azygos  to  the  fifth,  sixth  or  seventh  thoracic  vertebra  where  it  inclines 
ventrally,  and  crosses  obliquely  over  to  the  left  side  of  the  oesophagus  and 
trachea,  PI.  VII,  29.  From  here  the  duct  extends  along  the  left  side  of  the 
oesophagus  to  the  inlet  of  the  thorax  where  it  inclines  ventrally  and  opens 
by  one  or  more  orifices  into  the  veins  at,  or  near,  the  junction  of  the  left 
external  jugular  and  the  axillary  veins,  PL  VII,  28.  The  thoracic  duct 
drains  approximately  three  fourths  of  the  body,  viz.,  the  hind  quarters,  the 
abdominal  viscera,  portions  of  the  thoracic  viscera,  the  left  side  of  the  head 
and  neck  and  the  left  thoracic  limb.  The  remainder  of  the  body  is  drained 
by  the  right  lymphatic  duct. 


PLATE   I 

T  7.    Seventh  thoracic  vertebra. 

T  13.   Thirteenth  thoracic  vertebra. 

L  I .    First  lumbar  vertebra. 

L  5.   Fifth  lumbar  vertebra. 

R  6.    Sixth  rib. 

R  13.   Thirteenth  rib. 

1.  M.  trapezius. 

2.  Prescapular  or  superficial  cervical  lymph  gland. 

3.  Lung. 

4.  Diaphragm. 

5.  Pyloric  extremity  of  the  abomasum. 

6.  Duodenum. 

7.  Greater  omentum. 

8.  Right  kidney. 

9.  A.  epigastrica  anterior  (anterior  abdominal).  _ 

10.  V.  epigastrica  anterior  (subcutaneous  abdominal). 

11.  Small  portion  of  pancreas. 


nOPEMJY  UUAMI 
N.  C.  State  CeUeie 


PLATE    ir 

T  3.     Third  thoracic  vertebra. 

T  13.     Thirteenth  thoracic  vertebra. 

Li.     First  lumbar  vertebra. 

L  5.     Fifth  lumbar  vertebra. 

R'2.     Second  rib. 

R  13.     Thirteenth  rib. 

1.  M.  trapezius. 

2.  M.  longissimus  dorsl. 

3.  M.  splenius. 

4.  M.  serratus  ventralis  below  and  M.  rhomboideus  above. 

5!     M.  longissimus  dorsi  and  costarum.     The  latter  not  clearly  separated  from  the  longissimus  dorsi. 

6.  M.  levator  costarum. 

7.  M.  stemo-cephalicus  (stemo-mandibularis) . 
8-1 1 .     Pectoral  muscles. 

12.  Cut  edge  of  diaphragm. 

13.  Lung.     Note  the  apex  of  the  lung  cephalad  of  the  first  nb. 
14..     Heart,  covered  by  the  mediastinum  and  pericardium. 

15.  Liver. 

16.  Gall  bladder. 

17.  Duodenal  extremity  of  the  abomasum. 

18.  Duodenum. 

19.  Greater  omentum,  cut  and  turned  down.     The  other  cut  edge  is  shown  between  the 

and  22. 

20.  Small  intestine. 

21.  Caecum. 

22.  Large  intestine. 

23.  Terminal  portion  of  large  intestine. 

24.  Pancreas,  covered  with  peritoneum. 

25.  Right  kidney. 

26.  Axillary  and  other  lymph  glands. 

27.  A.  axillaris. 

28.  A.  cpigastrica  anterior. 

29.  V.  jugularis  externa. 

30.  V.  epigastrica  anterior. 
31-35.     Brachial  plexus. 
32.  Median  and  ulnar  nerves. 

34.  N.  radialis. 

35.  N.  prescapularis. 


I 


PLATE   III 

T  3.   Third  thoracic  vertebra. 

T  13.    Thirteenth  thoracic  vertebra. 

L  I.    First  lumbar  vertebra. 

L  5.    Fifth  lumbar  vertebra. 

R  I.    First  rib. 

R  13.    Thirteenth  rib. 

1.  M.  cutaneus  faciei. 

2.  M.  masseter. 

3.  M.  parotido-auricularis. 

4.  Cervical  portion  of  M.  serratus  vcntralis. 

5.  U.  splenius. 

6.  M.  trapezius ;   the  portion  covering  the  rhomboideus  has  been  removed. 

7.  M.  longissimus  dorsi. 

8.  Mm.  longissimus  dorsi  and  costarum. 

9.  M.  levator  costarum. 

o.  M.  sterno-cephalicus  (sterno-mandibularis) . 
1-14.    Pectoral  muscles. 

5.  Oesophagus. 

6.  Trachea. 

7.  Bronchus  of  the  right  apical  lobe  of  the  lung. 

8.  Right  bronchus. 

9.  Fold  of  pleura  around  the  vena  cava. 

20.  Cut  edge  of  diaphragm. 

21.  Small  portion  of  the  ventral  end  of  the  liver;   the  greater  part  has  been  scraped  away. 

22.  Pericardium. 

23.  Reticulum. 

24.  The  omentum,  covering  the  omasum. 

25.  Gall  bladder,  drawn  aside  somewhat. 

26.  The  common  bile  duct  above,  and  the  cystic  duct  to  the  right  of  the  numeral,  26. 

27.  Pyloric  end  of  abomasum. 
28-29.    Duodenum. 

30.  Small  intestine. 

31.  Caecum. 

32.  Large  intestine. 

33.  Large  intestine. 

34.  Terminal  portion  of  large  intestine. 

35.  Greater  omentum,  turned  down.     Shows  the  two  portions,  parietal  and  visceral. 

36.  Cut  edge  of  omentum. 

37.  Pancreas. 

P.  Pancreatic  duct  opening  into  the  duodenum. 

38.  Right  kidney. 

39.  Parotid  salivar>'  gland. 

40.  Parotid  lymph  gland. 

41.  Mandibular  lymph  gland  (submaxillary). 

42.  Axillary  and  inferior  cervical  lymph  glands. 

43.  Portal  or  hepatic  lymph  glands. 

44.  Right  tracheal  lymph  duct. 

45.  A.  carotis  communis. 

46.  A.  axillaris. 

47.  A.  vertcbralis. 

48.  Right  branch  of  pulmonary  artery. 

49.  A.  epigastrica  anterior  (anterior  abdominal). 

50.  V.  jugularis  externa. 

51.  V.  axillaris. 

52.  Vena  cava  and  hepatic  veins. 

53.  Vena  portae. 

54.  V.  epigastrica  anterior. 

55.  N.  facialis. 
56-60.    Brachial  plexus. 

57.    Median  and  ulnar  nerves. 

59.  N.  radialis. 

60.  N.  prescapularis. 


I 


PLATE    IV 

T  T,.    Third  thoracic  vertebra. 

T  13.    Thirteenth  thoracic  vertebra. 

L  I '   First  himbar  vertebra. 

L  5.    Fifth  lumbar  vertebra. 

R  'i .    First  rib. 

R  13.    Thirteenth  rib. 

1.  M.  cutaneus  faciei. 

2.  M.  masseter. 

3.  M.  parotido-auricularis. 

4.  Cervical  portion  of  M.  serratus  ventralis. 

5.  M.  splenius. 

6.  M.  trapezius;   the  portion  covering  the  M.  rhomboidcus  has  been  removed. 

7.  M.  longissimus  dorsi. 

8.  Mm.  longissimus  dorsi  and  costarum. 

9.  M.  levator  costarum. 

10.  M.  stemo-cephalicus  (sterno-mandibularis). 
11-14.    Pectoral  muscles. 

15.  Oesophagus. 

16.  Trachea. 

17.  Bronchus  of  right  apical  lolie. 

18.  Right  bronchus,  pulmonary  artery  and  vein. 

19.  Heart. 

20.  Cut  edge  of  diaphragm. 

21.  Reticulum. 

22.  Omasum. 

23.  Pyloric  extremity  of  abomasum. 

24.  Rumen. 

25.  Duodenum. 

26.  Terminal  part  of  large  intestine. 

27.  Left  kidney. 

28.  Right  kidney. 

29.  Parotid  salivary  gland. 

29'.  Dorsal  end  of  the  submaxillary  salivary  gland. 

30.  Parotid  lymph  gland. 

31.  Mandibular  lymph  gland  (submaxillary). 

32.  Axillary  and  inferior  cervical  lymph  glands. 

33.  Posterior  mediastinal  lymph  gland.     The  duet  from  it  opens  into  the  thoracic  duct  at  35. 

34.  Right  tracheal  lymph  duct. 

35.  Thoracic  duct. 

36.  A.  carotis  communis. 

37.  A.  axillaris. 

38.  A.  vertebralis. 

39.  Aorta. 

40.  A.  epigastrica  anterior. 

41.  V.  jugularis  externa. 

42.  V.  cava  anterior. 

43.  V.  cava  posterior  and  several  hepatic  veins  opening  into  it. 

44.  V.  epigastrica  anterior  (subcutaneous  abdominal). 

45.  N.  facialis. 

46.  Nerves  of  the  brachial  plexus. 

47.  N.  vagus. 

48.  N.  phrenicus. 

O.     Cut  edge  of  the  greater  omentum. 


^^■^. 


I 


PLATE   V 

R  I .    First  rib. 

R  13.    Thirteenth  rib. 

1.  "Coxal  or  external  angle  of  the  ilium. 

2.  Ischial  tuberosity. 

3.  Great  trochanter  of  the  femur. 

4.  Sacro-sciatic  ligament. 

5.  Coccygeal  fascia  reflected  and  section  of  muscle  removed  to  show  coccygeal  vertebrae. 

6.  M.  splenius. 

7.  M.  longissimus  dorsi. 

8.  M.  levator  costarum. 
9-12.    Pectoral  muscles. 

13.  Cut  edge  of  diaphragm. 

14.  M.  gluteus  medius. 

15.  M.  biceps  femoris. 

16.  M.  gemellus. 

17.  Lung. 

18.  Heart,  covered  by  the  mediastinum  and  pericardium. 

19.  Spleen. 

20.  Dorsal  sac  of  rumen. 

21.  Ventral  sac  of  rumen. 

22.  Abomasum. 

23.  Cut  edg.e  of  omentum. 

24.  Sternal  lymph  gland. 

25.  Lateral  sacral  lymph  gland. 

26.  Ischiatic  lymph  gland. 

27.  A.  axillaris. 

28.  A.  thoracica  interna. 

29.  A.  glutaea.  anterior. 

30.  Artery  to  l:)iceps  femoris. 

31.  Artery  to  Mm.  biceps  femoris,  semimembranosus  and  seraitendinosus. 

32.  A.  &  V.  epigastrica  anterior. 

33.  N.  prescapularis. 

34.  N.  radialis. 

35.  Nn.  medianus  and  ulnaris. 

36.  N.  ischiadicus. 

37i  37'-    Nerves  to  M.  biceps  femoris. 


■^ 


i 

I 


PLATE   VI 

R  I.   First  rib. 

R  13.   Thirteenth  rib. 

1.  Coxal  or  external  angle  of  the  ilium. 

2.  Lateral  border  of  sacrum. 

3.  Ischial  tuberosity. 

4.  Great  trochanter  of  femur. 

5.  Coccygeal  fascia  turned  down. 

6.  Caudal  portion  of  sacro-sciatic  ligament. 

7.  M.  masseter. 

8.  M.  parotido-aurioularis. 

9.  M.  stemo-cephalicus  (stemo-mandibularis). 

10.  M.  brachio-cephalicus. 

11.  M.  trapezius  (the  rhomboideus  was  transected  beneath  the  trapezius  and  therefore  does  not  show). 

12.  M.  splenius. 

13.  M.  longissimus  dorsi. 

14.  M.  levator  costarum. 
15—18.    Pectoral  muscles. 

19.  19'.    Cut  edge  of  diaphragm. 

20.  M.  gluteus  medius. 
20'.  M.  gluteus  profundus. 

21.  M.  biceps  femoris. 

22.  M.  coccygeus. 

23.  Parotid  salivary  gland. 

23'.  Dorsal  end  of  submaxillary  salivary  gland. 

24.  Heart,  covered  by  mediastinum  and  pericardium. 

25.  Left  bronchus. 

26.  Terminal  portion  of  oesophagus  from  which  a  portion  of  the  pleura  has  been  removed. 

27.  Area  of  rumen  to  which  the  spleen  is  attached. 

28.  Dorsal  sac  of  rumen. 

29.  Ventral  sac  of  rumen. 

30.  Abomasum. 

31.  Caudal  or  blind  end  of  caecum,  within  the  pelvic  cavity. 

32.  Rectum. 

33.  Parotid  lymph  gland. 

34.  Axillary  lymph  gland. 

35.  Terminal  end  of  thoracic  duct. 

36.  Rectal  lymph  glands. 

37.  A.  axillaris. 

38.  A.  thoracica  interna. 

39.  Left  pulmonary  artery. 

40.  A.  and  V.  pudenda  interna. 

41.  V.  jugularis  externa;   a  portion  of  it  is  left  covered  with  fascia. 

42.  V.  axillaris. 

43.  V.  epigastrica  anterior. 

44.  N.  facialis. 

45.  N.  prescapularis. 

46.  N.  radialis. 

47.  Nn.  medianus  and  ulnaris. 

48.  N.  phrenicus,  showing  its  two  roots  of  origin. 

49.  N.  ischiadicus. 

O.  Cut  edge  of  omentum. 


PLATE  VII 

R  I.    First  rib  (the  middle  portion  has  been  removed). 

R  9.    Ninth  rib. 

R  13.    Thirteenth  rib. 

1.  M.  massctcr. 

2.  M.  parotido-auricularis. 

3.  M.  sterno-ccphalicus  (sterno-mandibularis) . 

4.  M.  brachio-cephahcus. 

5.  M.  trapezius  (the  rhomboideus  was  transected  beneath  the  trapezius). 

6.  M.  splenius. 

7.  M.  longissimus  dorsi. 

8.  M.  levator  costarum. 
9-12.    Pectoral  muscles. 

13.  13'.    Cut  edge  of  diaphragm. 

14.  Parotid  salivary  gland. 

15.  Submaxillary  salivary  gland. 

16.  Trachea. 

17.  Oesophagus. 

18.  Heart. 

19.  Reticulum. 

20.  PiUar  of  oesophageal  groove.     The  groove  is  immediately  to  the  right. 

21.  Vertical  fold  formed  by  the  adjacent  walls  of  the  rumen  and  reticulum.     The  rumino-reticular  orifice 

is  just  to  the  left  of  21. 

22.  Cavity  of  rumen. 

23.  Abomasum. 

24.  Parotid  lymph  gland. 

25.  Mandibular  lymph  gland. 

26.  Left  tracheal  lymph  duct. 

27.  Axillary  and  inferior  cervical  lymph  glands. 

28.  Terminal  end  of  thoracic  duct. 

29.  Thoracic  duct. 

30.  A.  carotis  communis. 

31.  A.  axillaris. 

32.  A.  thoracica  interna. 

33.  A.  vertebralis. 

34.  Aorta. 

35.  Pulmonary  artery.     The  ligamentum  arteriosum  is  immediately  dorsal  to  35  and  th?  left  pulmonary 

artery  just  to  the  right  of  it. 

36.  V.  jugularis  externa. 

37.  V.  hemiazygos. 

38.  V.  epigastrica  anterior. 

39.  N.  facialis. 

40.  N.  prescapularis. 

41.  N.  radialis. 

42.  Nn.  medianus  and  ulnaris. 

43.  N.  phrenica  as  it  crosses  the  heart. 

44.  Vagus  nerve,  dividing  into  dorsal  and  ventral  oesophageal  branches. 

45.  N.  sympathicum. 


PLATE   VIII 

L  5.    Fifth  lumbar  vertebra. 

1.  M.  psoas  magnus. 

2.  M.  psoas  parvus. 

3.  3.    Cut  edge  of  abdominal  wall. 

4.  Portion  of  dorsal  sac  of  rumen. 
4'.    Runiino-reticular  orifice. 

3.  Reticulum. 

6.  Lip  of  oesophageal  groove. 

7.  Omasum. 

8.  Groove  from  reticulum  through  the  omasum  to  abomasum. 
9  Muscular  pillar. 

10.  Omaso-abomasal  orifice. 

1 1 .  Abomasum. 

12.  Beginning  of  duodenum. 

13.  Cut  end  of  large  intestine. 

14.  Left  kidney. 

15.  Loop  of  large  intestine. 

16.  Left  adrenal. 

17.  Pancreas. 

18.  Lymph  glands. 

19.  Aorta,  one  centimeter  cephalad  of  the  origin  of  the  right  external  iliac  artery. 

20.  Left  external  iliac  artery. 

21.  Dorsal  branch  of  omaso-abomasal  artery. 

22.  Common  tnmk  of  the  left  external  and  internal  iliac  veins. 

23.  Common  trunk  of  the  right  external  and  internal  iliac  veins. 

24.  V.  epigastrica  anterior,  one  on  either  side. 

25.  Cut  end  of  the  ureter ;   the  other  ureter  shows  to  the  left  of  the  cut  end  of  the  large  intestine,  13. 


1.  Coxal  angle  of  ilium. 

2.  Sacral  angle  of  ilium. 

3.  Cut  surface  of  shaft  of  ilium. 

4.  Sacrum. 

5.  Ischium. 

6.  Cut  surface  of  pelvic  symphysis. 

7.  M.  obliquus  abdominis  externus. 

8.  Inguinal  ligament. 

9.  M.  cutaneus  trunci. 
Fig.  I. 

10.  M.  coccygeus. 

11.  M.  retractor  ani. 

12.  Portion  of  sacro-sciatic  ligament. 

13.  Rectum. 

14.  Comu  of  uterus. 

15.  Urocyst. 

16.  Ureter. 

17.  Ovary. 

18.  Precrural  lymph  gland. 

19.  Rectal  lymph  glands. 

20.  Supramammary  lymph  gland,  turned  up  somewhat. 

21.  Udder,  or  mammary  gland. 

22.  Posterior  branch  of  circumflex  iliac  artery. 

23.  A.  femoralis. 

24.  A.  pudenda  externa. 

25.  A.  profunda  femoris. 

26.  A.  mammaria. 

27.  A.  pudenda  intema. 

28.  A.  uterina  posterior. 

29.  V.  femoralis. 

30.  V.  mammaria. 

31.  V.  mammaria  posterior. 

32.  V.  epigastrica  anterior. 

33.  V.  pudenda  interna. 

34.  N.  femoralis. 

35.  N.  ischiadicus,  turned  aside. 

36.  Third  sacral  nerve. 
^7.  Fourth  sacral  nerve. 
Fig.  2. 

10.  Portion  of  M.  tensor  fasciae  latae. 

11.  M.  iliacus. 

12.  Portion  of  M.  sartorius. 

13.  M.  coccygeus. 

14.  Rectum. 

15.  Uterus. 

16.  Urocyst. 

17.  Ovary,  partially  covered  by  the  broad  ligament  of  the  uterus. 

18.  Oviduct. 

19.  Portion  of  broad  ligament  of  the  uterus. 

20.  Ureter. 

21.  Portion  of  sacro-sciatic  ligament. 

22.  Rectal  lymph  glands. 

23.  Supramammary  lymph  gland. 

24.  Precrural  lymph  gland. 

25.  A.  to  the  rectum. 

26.  A.  pudenda  interna. 

27.  A.  uterina  media. 

28.  A.  femoralis. 

29.  A.  femoris  profunda. 

30.  A.  mammaria. 

32.  Posterior  branch  of  circumflex  iliac  artery. 

33.  V.  pudenda  interna. 

34.  V.  femoris. 

35.  V.  mammaria. 

36.  V.  mammaria  posterior. 

37.  N.  ischiadicus. 

38.  Third  sacral  nerve. 

39.  Fourth  sacral  nerve. 

40.  N.  femoralis. 


v> 


PLATE  X 

1.  Coxal  angle  of  ilium. 

2.  Sacral  angle  of  ilium. 

3.  Sacmm. 

4.  Portion  of  sacro-sciatic  ligament. 

5.  M.  longissimus  dorsi. 

6.  M.  longissimus  costarum. 

7.  Cut  edge  of  lateral  abdominal  wall. 

8.  M.  iliacus  cut  and  a  portion  of  it  removed. 

9.  Coccygeal  muscles. 

10.  M.  coccygeus. 

11.  Diaphragm. 

12.  Omasum,  only  a  very  small  portion  visible. 
12'.   Pyloric  extremity  of  abomasum. 

13.  13.    Duodenum. 

14.  14.    Small  intestine. 

15.  Caecum. 

16.  17.    Large  intestine. 

18.  Rectum. 

19.  Gall  bladder. 

20.  Pancreas. 

21.  Pancreatic  duct. 

22.  Liver. 

23.  Lung. 

24.  24.    Gravid  comu  of  the  uterus. 

25.  End  of  the  right  comu  of  the  uterus. 

26.  Broad  ligament  of  the  uterus.     A  triangular  portion  has  been  cut  out ;   through  this  opening  are  seen 

the  mimerals  17  and  24. 

27.  Cut  edge  of  broad  ligament  of  the  uterus. 

28.  Right  ovary. 

29.  To  the  left  of  29  is  the  oviduct  and  above  the  numeral  is  the  abdominal  orifice  of  the  oviduct,  ostium 

abdominale. 

30.  Urocyst. 

31.  Supramammary  lymph  gland. 

32.  Ischiatic  lymph  gland. 

33.  A.  glutaea  anterior. 

34.  A.  pudenda  interna. 

35.  A.  uterina  posterior. 

36.  A.  mammaria. 

37.  V.  mammaria  posterior  (pcrineale  or  posterior  mammary  vein). 

38.  N.  ischiadicus. 

39.  Third  sacral  nerve. 

40.  Fourth  sacral  nerve. 


